Comprehensive Bibliography

Abrahams, N., Jewkes, R., Martin, L. J., Mathews, S., Vetten, L., & Lombard, C. (2009). Mortality of women from intimate partner violence in South Africa: A national epidemiological study. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 546–556.

Ahmed, S., Ackerman, V., Faught, P., & Langston, C. (2008). Profound hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in a 7-month-old infant: Late presentation of alveolar capillary dysplasia. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: A Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 9(6), e43–e46.

Aihara, M. (2011). Continuous facial pain after hitting the face: Diagnostic pitfall. The Journal of Trauma, 71(4), E100.

American Nurses Association (ANA). (2010). Nursing’s social policy statement (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Nursesbooks.org.

Andrew, T. A., & Fallon, K. K. (2007). Asphyxial games in children and adolescents. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 28(4), 303–307.

Anscombe, A., & Knight, B. (1996). Case report. Delayed death after pressure on the neck: Possible causal mechanisms and implications for mode of death in manual strangulation discussed. Forensic Science International, 78(3), 193–197.

Asamura, H., Ito, M., & Fukushima, H. (2009). An unusual suicide case of the combination of asphyxia. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 30(2), 215–216.

Asamura, H., Oki, T., Masao, O., & Fukushima, H. (2010). Unusual body posture after death leading to signs of strangulation. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31(2), 195–197.

Atilgan, M. (2010). A case of suicidal ligature strangulation by using a tourniquet method. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31(1), 85–86.

Atkins, B. Z., Abbate, S., Fisher, S. R., & Vaslef, S. N. (2004). Current management of laryngotracheal trauma: Case report and literature review. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 56(1), 185–190.

Azmak, D. (2006). Asphyxial deaths: A retrospective study and review of the literature. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 27(2), 134–144.

Behrendt, N., & Modvig, J. (1995). The lethal paraphiliac syndrome: Accidental autoerotic deaths in Denmark 1933–1990. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 16(3), 232–237.

Bergin, A., & Berkowitz, R. (2012). Domestic violence in military families: Non-fatal strangulation. Maryland Medicine: MM: A Publication of MEDCHI, the Maryland State Medical Society, 13(3), 19, 29.

Berrios, D. C., & Grady, D. (1991). Domestic violence. Risk factors and outcomes. The Western Journal of Medicine, 155(2), 133–135.

Berzlanovich, A. M., Schopfer, J., & Keil, W. (2012). Deaths due to physical restraint. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 109(3), 27–32.

Betz, P., Hausmann, R., & Eisenmenger, W. (1998). A contribution to a possible differentiation between SIDS and asphyxiation. Forensic Science International, 91(2), 147–152.

Blanco Pampin, J., Morte Tamayo, N., Hinojal Fonseca, R., Payne-James, J. J., & Jerreat, P. (2002). Delayed presentation of carotid dissection, cerebral ischemia, and infarction following blunt trauma: Two cases. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 9(3), 136–140.

Block, C. R., Devitt, C., Fonda, D., Engel, B., Fugate, M., & Martin, C. (2000). The Chicago women’s health risk study: Risk of serious injury or death in intimate violence, a collaborative research project. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority,

Bockholdt, B., Maxeiner, H., & Hegenbarth, W. (2005). Factors and circumstances influencing the development of hemorrhages in livor mortis. Forensic Science International, 149(2), 133–137.

Bockholdt, B., Hempelmann, M., & Maxeiner, H. (2003). Experimental investigations of fractures of the upper thyroid horns. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 5, S252–S255.

Bockholdt, B., & Maxeiner, H. (2002). Hemorrhages of the tongue in the postmortem diagnostics of strangulation. Forensic Science International, 126(3), 214–220.

Bohnert, M., Faller-Marquardt, M., Lutz, S., Amberg, R., Weisser, H., & Pollak, S. (2001). Transfer of biological traces in cases of hanging and ligature strangulation. Forensic Science International, 116(2), 107–115.

Bouwer, C., & Stein, D. (1999). Panic disorder following torture by suffocation is associated with predominantly respiratory symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 29(1), 233–236.

Breitmeier, D., Mansouri, F., Albrecht, K., Böhm, U., Tröger, H., & Kleemann, W. (2003). Accidental autoerotic deaths between 1978 and 1997: Institute of legal medicine, medical school Hannover. Forensic Science International, 137(1), 41–44.

Brenner, D. J. (2002). Estimating cancer risks from pediatric CT: Going from the qualitative to the quantitative. Pediatric Radiology, 32(4), 228–231.

Briddell, J., Mallon, A., & DeFatta, R. A., Chowdhury, F., & Nagorsky, M. (2012). Dysphagia after strangulation. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, 91(9), E30–E31.

Brodsky, J. B., & Lemmens, H. J. (2003). Left double-lumen tubes: Clinical experience with 1,170 patients. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 17(3), 289–298.

Browning, S., & Whittet, H. (2000). A new and clinically symptomatic variant of thyroid cartilage anatomy. Clinical Anatomy, 13(4), 294–297.

Busse, W. W., Wanner, A., Adams, K., Reynolds, H. Y., Castro, M., Chowdhury, B., & Sullivan, E. J. (2005). Investigative bronchoprovocation and bronchoscopy in airway diseases. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 172(7), 807–816.

Butz, R. O. (1968). Length and cross-section growth patterns in the human trachea. Pediatrics, 42(2), 336–341.

Byard, R. W., Hucker, S. J., & Hazelwood, R. R. (1993). Fatal and near-fatal autoerotic asphyxia episodes in women: Characteristic features based on a review of nine cases. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 14(1), 70.

Byard, R. W., & Winskog, C. (2012). Autoerotic death: Incidence and age of victims—A population-based study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57(1), 129–131.

Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359(9314), 1331–1336.

Campbell, J. C., Glass, N., Sharps, P. W., Laughon, K., & Bloom, T. (2007). Intimate partner homicide: Review and implications of research and policy. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 8(3), 246–269.

Campbell, J. C., Webster, D. W., & Glass N. (2009). The danger assessment: Validation of a lethality risk assessment instrument for intimate partner femicide. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(4), 653–674.

Campobasso, C. P., Colonna, M. F., Carabellese, F., Grattagliano, I., Candelli, C., Morton, R. J., & Catanesi, R. (2009). A serial killer of elderly women: Analysis of a multi-victim homicide investigation. Forensic Science International, 185(1), e7–e11.

Car, M. (2000). Increasing awareness about possible neurological alterations in brain status secondary to intimate violence. Brain Injury Source, 4(2), 30–37. Retrieved May 5, 2016, from http://www.doj.state.or.us/victims/pdf/increasing_awareness_about_possible_neurological_alterations.pdf

Carson, D., & Pounder, D. (1996). Transport strangulation. Forensic Science International, 82(2), 191–192.

Cartwright, N. E. K., Hussin, H. M., Biswas, S., Majid, M. A., Potts, M. J., Kabala, J., & Mayer, E. J. (2007). Subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage following self-strangulation. Annals of Ophthalmology, 39(4), 345–347.

Chan, T. C., Vilke, G. M., & Neuman, T. (1998). Re-examination of custody restraint position and positional asphyxia. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 19(3), 201–205.

Chang, A. B., Moloney, G. E., Harms, P. J., & Masters, I. B. (2004). Endoscopic intratracheal carbon dioxide measurements during pediatric flexible bronchoscopy. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 14(8), 650–655.

Cheddie, S., Pillay, B., & Goga, R. (2013). Bilateral blunt carotid artery injury: A case report and review of the literature. South African Journal of Surgery, 51(2), 77–83.

Chou, F., & Conway, M. D. (1998). History of ocular anesthesia. Ophthalmology Clinics, 11(1), 1–9.

Christe, A., Oesterhelweg, L., Ross, S., Spendlove, D., Bolliger, S., Vock, P., & Thali, M. J. (2010). Can MRI of the neck compete with clinical findings in assessing danger to life for survivors of manual strangulation? A statistical analysis. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 12(5), 228–232.

Christe, A., Thoeny, H., Ross, S., Spendlove, D., Tshering, D., Bolliger, S., & Oesterhelweg, L. (2009). Life-threatening versus non-life-threatening manual strangulation: Are there appropriate criteria for MR imaging of the neck? European Radiology, 19(8), 1882–1889.

Clarot, F., Vaz, E., Papin, F., & Proust, B. (2005). Fatal and non-fatal bilateral delayed carotid artery dissection after manual strangulation. Forensic Science International, 149(2), 143–150.

Cole, F. (1957). Pediatric formulas for the anesthesiologist. AMA Journal of Diseases of Children, 94(6), 672–673.

Collins, K. A., & Presnell, S. E. (2006). Elder homicide: A 20-year study. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 27(2), 183–187.

Comer, B. T., & Gal, T. J. (2012). Recognition and management of the spectrum of acute laryngeal trauma. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 43(5), e289–e293.

Cotton, R. T. (1984). Pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 19(6), 699–704.

Crosby, S. S., Mohan, S., Di Loreto, C., & Spiegel, J. H. (2010). Head and neck sequelae of torture. The Laryngoscope, 120(2), 414–419.

Davies, S. J. (2010). “C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive.” Is phrenic nerve palsy part of the pathophysiological mechanism in strangulation and hanging? Should diaphragm paralysis be excluded in survived cases? A review of the literature. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31(1), 100–102.

Davison, A. M., & Williams, E. J. (2012). Microscopic evidence of previous trauma to the hyoid bone in a homicide involving pressure to the neck. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 8(3), 307–311.

Dayapala, A., Samarasekera, A., & Jayasena, A. (2012). An uncommon delayed sequela after pressure on the neck: An autopsy case report. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 33(1), 80–82.

Dean, R., & Mulligan, J. (2009). Providing first aid and assisting forensic investigations. Nursing Standard, 24(8), 35.

Delmonte, C., & Capelozzi, V. L. (2001). Morphologic determinants of asphyxia in lungs: A semi-quantitative study in forensic autopsies. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 22(2), 139–149.

Demierre, N., Wyler, D., Zollinger, U., Bolliger, S., & Plattner, T. (2009). Elevated body core temperature in medico-legal investigation of violent death. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 30(2), 155–158.

Demirci, S., Dogan, K. H., Erkol, Z., & Deniz, I. (2009). A series of complex suicide. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 30(2), 152–154.

Demirci, S., Dogan, K. H., Erkol, Z., & Gunaydin, G. (2009). Suicide by ligature strangulation: Three case reports. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 30(4), 369–372.

Di Nunno, N., Costantinides, F., Conticchio, G., Mangiatordi, S., Vimercati, L., & Di Nunno, C. (2002). Self-strangulation: An uncommon but not unprecedented suicide method. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 23(3), 260–263.

DiMaio, V. J. (2000). Homicidal asphyxia. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 21(1), 1–4.

Di Paolo, M., Guidi, B., Bruschini, L., Vessio, G., Domenici, R., & Ambrosino, N. (2009). Unexpected delayed death after manual strangulation: Need for care examination in the emergency room. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 71(3), 132–134.

Douglas, H., & Fitzgerald, R. B. (2014). Strangulation, domestic violence and the legal response. Sydney Law Review, 36(2), 231–254.

Downing, R. (2006). Manual and ligature strangulation. On the Edge, 12(2), 1.

Duband, S., Timoshenko, A. P., Morrison, A. L., Prades, J. M., Debout, M., & Peoc’h, M. (2009). Ear bleeding: A sign not to be underestimated in cases of strangulation. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 30(2), 175–176.

Dutton, D. G. (2002). Personality dynamics of intimate abusiveness. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8(4), 216–228.

Eckel, H. E., Sprinzl, G. M., Koebke, J., Pototschnig, C., Sittel, C., & Stennert, E. (1999). Morphology of the human larynx during the first five years of life studied on whole organ serial sections. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 108(3), 232–238.

Egge, M. K., Berkowitz, C. D., Toms, C., & Sathyavagiswaran, L. (2010). The choking game: A cause of unintentional strangulation. Pediatric Emergency Care, 26(3), 206–208.

Eldredge, K., Huggins, E., & Pugh, L. C. (2012). Alternate light sources in sexual assault examinations: An evidence-based practice project. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 8(1), 39–44.

Ely, S. F., & Hirsch, C. S. (2000). Asphyxial deaths and petechiae: A review. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(6), 1274–1277.

Ernoehazy, W., Jr. (2016, January 19). Hanging injuries and strangulation. Medscape. Retrieved May 5, 2016, from http://www.Emedicine.com/emerg/topic227

Fais, P., Giraudo, C., Viero, A., Miotto, D., Bortolotti, F., Tagliaro, F., Montisci, M., & Cecchetto, G. (2016). Micro computed tomography features of laryngeal fractures in a case of fatal manual strangulation. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 18, 85–89. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.01.001. 

Faugno, D., Waszak, D., Strack, G. B., Brooks, M. A., & Gwinn, C. G. (2013). Strangulation forensic examination: Best practice for health care providers. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 35(4), 314–327.

Fernando, T., & Byard, R. W. (2013). Positional asphyxia without active restraint following an assault. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(6), 1633–1635.

Fieguth, A., Albrecht, U., Bertolini, J., & Kleemann, W. (2003). Intracartilaginous haemorrhagic lesions in strangulation? International Journal of Legal Medicine, 117(1), 10–13.

Fieguth, A., Franz, D., Lessig, R., & Kleemann, W. J. (2003). Fatal trauma to the neck: Immuno-histo-chemical study of local injuries. Forensic Science International, 135(3), 218–225.

Fineron, P. W., Turnbull, J. A., & Busuttil, A. (1995). Fracture of the hyoid bone in survivors of attempted manual strangulation. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 2(4), 195–197.

Firdose, R., & Elamin, E. M. (2004). Pulmonary edema secondary to dynamic tracheal collapse. Journal of Bronchology & Interventional Pulmonology, 11(2), 118–121.

Fisher, J. W., & Shelton, A. J. (2006). Survivors of domestic violence: Demographics and disparities in visitors to an interdisciplinary specialty clinic. Family & Community Health, 29(2), 118–130.

Fitzsimons, M. G., Peralta, R., & Hurford, W. (2005). Cricoid fracture after physical assault. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 59(5), 1237–1238.

Fortune, S. A., & Hawton, K. (2005). Deliberate self-harm in children and adolescents: A research update. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(4), 401–406.

Fracasso, T., & Pfeiffer, H. (2008). Simon’s bleedings in case of incomplete hanging: A case report. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 29(4), 352–353.

Funk, M., & Schuppel, J. (2003). Strangulation injuries. WMJ: Official Publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin, 102(3), 41–45.

Geddes, J., & Whitwell, H. (2004). Inflicted head injury in infants. Forensic Science International, 146(2), 83–88.

Geevasinga, N., Archer, J. S., & Ng, K. (2014). Choking, asphyxiation and the insular seizure. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 21(4), 688–689.

Giger, R., Friedrich, J. P., Dulguerov, P., & Landis, B. N. (2004). Pneumo-pericardium after manual strangulation. The American Journal of Medicine, 116(11), 788–790.

Gill, J. R., Cavalli, D. P., Ely, S. F., & Stahl-Herz, J. (2013). Homicidal neck compression of females: Autopsy and sexual assault findings. Academic Forensic Pathology, 3(4), 454–457.

Gilkeson, R., Ciancibello, L. M., Hejal, R. B., Montenegro, H. D., & Lange, P. (2001). Tracheobronchomalacia: Dynamic airway evaluation with multidetector CT. American Journal of Roentgenology, 176(1), 205–210.

Glass, N., Laughon, K., Campbell, J., Block, C. R., Hanson, G., Sharps, P. W., & Taliaferro, E. (2008). Non-fatal strangulation is an important risk factor for homicide of women. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 35(3), 329–335.

Godin, A., Kremer, C., & Sauvageau, A. (2012). Fracture of the cricoid as a potential pointer to homicide: A 6-year retrospective study of neck structures fractures in hanging victims. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 33(1), 4–7.

Goodman, R. A., Mercy, J. A., & Rosenberg, M. L. (1986). Drug use and interpersonal violence. Barbiturates detected in homicide victims. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124(5), 851–855.

Gosink, P. D., & Jumbelic, M. I. (2000). Autoerotic asphyxiation in a female. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 21(2), 114–118.

Goudy, S. L., Miller, F. B., & Bumpous, J. M. (2002). Neck crepitance: Evaluation and management of suspected upper aerodigestive tract injury. The Laryngoscope, 112(5), 791–795.

Gowens, P. A., Davenport, R. J., Kerr, J., Sanderson, R. J., & Marsden, A. K. (2003). Survival from accidental strangulation from a scarf resulting in laryngeal rupture and carotid artery stenosis: The “Isadora Duncan syndrome.” A case report and review of literature. Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ, 20(4), 391–393.

Graham, E. A. M., & Rutty, G. N. (2008). Investigation into “normal” background DNA on adult necks: Implications for DNA profiling of manual strangulation victims. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(5), 1074–1082.

Grattagliano, I., Troccoli, G., Zelano, C., & Catanesi, R. (2013). Incaprettamento: An unusual homicide by ligature strangulation. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2, 10–12.

Gupta, B., Sinha, C., Kumar, A., Dey, C., Ramchandani, S., Kumar, S., & Misra, M. (2012). Perioperative management of laryngotracheobronchial injury: Our experience in a level 1 trauma centre. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 38(5), 553–561.

Gwinn, C., & Strack, G. B. (2012). Welcome to train the trainer: Part 1 of training. San Diego, CA: Training Institute on Strangulation Prevention.

Hackett, A. M., & Kitsko, D. J. (2013). Evaluation and management of pediatric near-hanging injury. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 77(11), 1899–1901.

Häkkänen, H. (2005). Homicide by ligature strangulation in Finland: Offence and offender characteristics. Forensic Science International, 152(1), 61–64.

Hanna, S. (2004). A study of 13 cases of near-hanging presenting to an accident and emergency department. Injury, 35(3), 253–256.

Hansen, S. H. (2001). Laryngeal crepitus: An aid to diagnosis in non-fatal strangulation. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 41(4), 284–286.

Härm, T., & Rajs, J. (1981). Types of injuries and interrelated conditions of victims and assailants in attempted and homicidal strangulation. Forensic Science International, 18(2), 101–123.

Hawley, D. A. (2002, June). Death by strangulation. Paper presented at the conference: How to Improve Your Investigation and Prosecution of Domestic Violence and Strangulation Cases. Delaware, OH.

Hawley, D. A. (n.d.). Forensic medical findings in fatal and non-fatal intimate partner strangulation assaults. Retrieved on May 6, 2016, from http://dhss.alaska.gov/ocs/Documents/childrensjustice/strangulation/16.%20Forensic%20Medical%20Findings%20in%20Fatal%20and%20Non-Fatal%20Intimate%20Partner%20Strangulation%20Assaults%20-%20Hawley%20-%202012.pdf

Hawley, D. A., McClane, G. E., & Strack, G. B. (2001). A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases. Part III: Injuries in fatal cases. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 317–322.

Hibbert, M., Lannigan, A., Raven, J., Landau, L., & Phelan, P. (1995). Gender differences in lung growth. Pediatric Pulmonology, 19(2), 129–134.

Hinderliter, D., Doughty, A. S., Delaney, K., Pitula, C. R., & Campbell, J. (2003). The effect of intimate partner violence education on nurse practitioners’ feelings of competence and ability to screen patients. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(10), 449–454.

Ho, L. Y., & Abdelghani, W. M. (2007). Valsalva retinopathy associated with the choking game. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 22(2), 63–65.

Holbrook, D. S., & Jackson, M. C. (2013). Use of an alternative light source to assess strangulation victims. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 9(3), 140–145.

Hoo, A., Dezateux, C., Hanrahan, J. P., Cole, T. J., Tepper, R. S., & Stocks, J. (2002). Sex-specific prediction equations for V maxFRC in infancy: A multicenter collaborative study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 165(8), 1084–1092.

Hori, A., Hirose, G., Kataoka, S., Tsukada, K., Furui, K., & Tonami, H. (1991). Delayed post anoxic encephalopathy after strangulation serial neuroradiological and neurochemical studies. Archives of Neurology, 48(8), 871–874.

Horn, B. K., & Schunck, B. G. (1981). Determining optical flow.  In 1981 Technical Symposium East (pp. 319–331). Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics.

Hoyt, C. A. (2006). Integrating forensic science into nursing processes in the ICU. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 29(3), 259–270.

Huxley, A. K., Froede, R. C., & Birkby, W. H. (2001). Strangulation of pregnant woman leads to one first-degree murder indictment for the death of the mother: A medicolegal reconsideration of maternal/fetal homicide. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 22(1), 51–54.

Iacovou, E., Nayar, M., Fleming, J., & Lew-Gor, S. (2011). A pain in the neck: A rare case of isolated hyoid bone trauma. Journal of Surgical Case Reports, 7, 3. 

Ibsen, L. M., & Koch, T. (2002). Submersion and asphyxial injury. Critical Care Medicine, 30(11), S402–S408.

Iserson, K. V. (1984). Strangulation: A review of ligature, manual, and postural neck compression injuries. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 13(3), 179–185.

Ishida, K., Zhu, B., Quan, L., Fujita, M., & Maeda, H. (2000). Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A levels in cadaveric sera with reference to the cause of death. Forensic Science International, 109(2), 125–133.

Janssen, W., Koops, E., Anders, S., Kuhn, S., & Püschel, K. (2005). Forensic aspects of 40 accidental autoerotic deaths in northern Germany. Forensic Science International, 147, S61–S64.

Jesseph, J. E., & Merendino, K. A. (1957). The dimensional interrelationships of the major components of the human tracheobronchial tree. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, 105(2), 210–214.

Joshi, M., Thomas, K. A., & Sorenson, S. B. (2012). “I didn’t know I could turn colors”: Health problems and health care experiences of women strangled by an intimate partner. Social Work in Health Care, 51(9), 798–814.

Kanchan, T., Raghavendra Babu, Y. P., Atreya, A., & Acharya, J. (2016). Ligature mark on the face – 
Forensic implications. The Medico Legal Journal, 84(3), 138–141. doi: 10.1177/0025817216630658.  

Karch, D. L., Logan, J. E., McDaniel, D., Parks, S., Patel, N., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Surveillance for violent deaths—National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries, 61(6), 1–43.

Kaufman, H. J., Ciraulo, D. L., & Burns, R. P. (1999). Traumatic fracture of the hyoid bone: Three case presentations of cardiorespiratory compromise secondary to missed diagnosis. The American Surgeon, 65(9), 877–880.

Kempter, M., Ross, S., Spendlove, D., Flach, P., Preiss, U., Thali, M., & Bolliger, S. (2009). Post-mortem imaging of laryngohyoid fractures in strangulation incidents: First results. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 11(6), 267–271.

Kerby, J. D., May, A. K., Gomez, C. R., & Rue, L. W., III. (2000). Treatment of bilateral blunt carotid injury using percutaneous angioplasty and stenting: Case report and review of the literature. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 49(4), 784–787.

Khimenko, L. P., Esham, H. R., & Ahmed, W. (2000). Spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. Southern Medical Journal, 93(10), 1011–1016.

Khokhlov, V. D. (2001). Calculation of tension exerted on a ligature in incomplete hanging. Forensic Science International, 123(2), 172–177.

Khokhlov, V. D. (1996). The mechanisms of the formation of injuries to the hyoid bone and laryngeal and tracheal cartilages in compression of the neck. [Mekhanizmy obrazovaniia povrezhdenii pod”iazychnoi kosti, khriashchei gortani i trakhei pri sdavlenii shei] Sudebno-Meditsinskaia Ekspertiza, 39(3), 13–16.

Kiani, S. H., & Simes, D. C. (2000). Delayed bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis following accidental strangulation. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(4), 521–524.

King, G. G., Brown, N. J., Diba, C., Thorpe, C. W., Munoz, P., Marks, G. B., & Salome, C. M. (2005). The effects of body weight on airway calibre. The European Respiratory Journal, 25(5), 896–901.

Kleemann, W.J., Wiechern, V., Schuck, M., & Tröger, H. (1995). Intrathoracic and subconjunctival petechiae in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Forensic Science International, 72(1), 49–54.

Kleinsasser, N. H., Priemer, F. G., Schulze, W., & Kleinsasser, O. F. (2000). External trauma to the larynx: Classification, diagnosis, therapy. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 257(8), 439–444.

Klopfstein, U., Kamber, J., & Zimmermann, H. (2010). “On the way to light the dark”: A retrospective inquiry into the registered cases of domestic violence towards women over a six year period with a semi-quantitative analysis of the corresponding forensic documentation. Swiss Medical Weekly, 140, w13047.

Knight, J. A., & Taft, C. T. (2004). Assessing neuropsychological concomitants of trauma and PTSD. In  J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (2nd ed.) (pp. 344–388). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Knox Cartwright, N. E., Hussin, H. M., Biswas, S., Majid, M. A., Potts, M. J., Kabala, J., & Mayer, E. J. (2007). Subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage following self-strangulation. Annals of Ophthalmology (Skokie, Illinois), 39(4), 345–347.

Koh, M. S., Hsu, A. A. L., & Eng, P. (2003). Negative pressure pulmonary edema in the medical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine, 29(9), 1601–1604.

Kohli, A., Verma, S., & Agarwal, B. (1996). Accidental strangulation in a rickshaw. Forensic Science International, 78(1), 7–11.

Kristensen, M. E., Lynnerup, N., & Sejrsen, B. (2006). Comparison of hand marks in manual strangulation: An experimental study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(2), 381–385.

Kwako, L. E., Glass, N., Campbell, J., Melvin, K. C., Barr, T., & Gill, J. M. (2011). Traumatic brain injury in intimate partner violence: A critical review of outcomes and mechanisms. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 12(3), 115–126.

Lambe, A., Püschel, K., & Anders, S. (2009). Extensive petechiae in attempted self-strangulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(1), 212–215.

Langevin, R., Ben-Aron, M., Wright, P., Marchese, V., & Handy, L. (1988). The sex killer. Annals of Sex Research, 1(2), 263–301.

Laughon, K., Glass, N., & Worrell, C. (2009). Review and analysis of laws related to strangulation in 50 states. Evaluation Review, 33(4), 358–369.

Laughon, K., Renker, P., Glass, N., & Parker, B. (2008). Revision of the abuse assessment screen to address nonlethal strangulation. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 37(4), 502–507.

Le Blanc-Louvry, I., Papin, F., Vaz, E., & Proust, B. (2013). Cervical arterial injury after strangulation—Different types of arterial lesions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(6), 1640–1643.

Lees, S., Phimister, D., Broughan, C., Dignon, A., & Brown, M. (2013). Domestic violence: The base of the iceberg. British Journal of Midwifery, 21(7), 493–498.

Li, D., Ishikawa, T., Quan, L., Zhao, D., Michiue, T., Zhu, B., & Maeda, H. (2010). Morphological analysis of astrocytes in the hippocampus in mechanical asphyxiation. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 12(2), 63–67.

Li, D., Zhu, B., Ishikawa, T., Zhao, D., Michiue, T., & Maeda, H. (2006). Immunohistochemical distribution of S-100 protein in the cerebral cortex with regard to the cause of death in forensic autopsy. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 8(2), 78–85.

Li, W., Liu, D., Gallina, K., & Zhou, Y. (2016, February 24). Delayed death caused by haematoma after manual strangulation: A rare case. The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.02.004.

Lin, P., & Gill, J. R. (2011). Homicides of pregnant women. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 32(2), 161–163.

Linden, J. A., Lewis-O’Connor, A., & Jackson, M. C. (2007). Forensic examination of adult victims and perpetrators of sexual assault. (2008). In J. S. Olshaker, M. C. Jackson & W. S. Smock (Eds.), Forensic emergency medicine (2nd ed.) (pp. 85–125). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Wilkins & Williams.

Line, W. S., Jr., Stanley, R. B., Jr., & Choi, J. H. (1985). Strangulation: A full spectrum of blunt neck trauma. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 94(6), 542–546.

Linkletter, M., Gordon, K., & Dooley, J. (2010). The choking game and YouTube: A dangerous combination. Clinical Pediatrics, 49(3), 274–279.

Lombardi, M., Canter, J., Patrick, P. A., & Altman, R. (2015). Is fluorescence under an alternate light source sufficient to accurately diagnose subclinical bruising? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60(2), 444–449.

Losek, J. D., Tecklenburg, F. W., & White, D. R. (2008). Blunt laryngeal trauma in children: Case report and review of initial airway management. Pediatric Emergency Care, 24(6), 370–373.

Lupascu, C., Lupascu, C., & Beldiman, D. (2003). Mechanical asphyxia by three different mechanisms. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 5(2), 110–111.

Madea, B., Schmidt, P., Kernbach-Wighton, G., & Doberentz, E. (2015). Strangulation–Suicide at the wheel. Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 17(6), 512–516. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.11.001. 

Maguire, S. A., Watts, P. O., Shaw, A. D., Holden, S., Taylor, R. H., Watkins, W. J., & Kemp, A. M. (2013). Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: A systematic review. Eye (London, England), 27(1), 28–36.

Maher, J. L., Mahabir, R. C., & Read, L. A. (2011). Acute macroglossia in the pediatric patient: Worth a look. Pediatric Emergency Care, 27(10), 948–949.

Makwana, N., Evans, H. M., Moore, D., & Berry, K. (2001). Two cases of near asphyxiation in children, using non-releasing plastic garden ties. Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ, 18(3), 229–230.

Malek, A. M., Higashida, R. T., Halbach, V. V., Dowd, C. F., Phatouros, C. C., Lempert, T. E., & Stoney, R. (2000). Patient presentation, angiographic features, and treatment of strangulation-induced dissection of the internal carotid artery: Report of three cases. Journal of Neurosurgery, 92(3), 481–487.

Malek, A. M., Higashida, R. T., Phatouros, C. C., & Halbach, V. V. (1999). A strangled wife. The Lancet, 353(9161), 1324.

Mansell, A. L., Bryan, A. C., & Levison, H. (1977). Relationship of lung recoil to lung volume and maximum expiratory flow in normal children. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 42(6), 817–823.

Mansfield, M., & McGinty, J. S. (2008). Responding to hanging injuries. Nursing2008, 38(5), 56cc1, 56cc3.

Martz, D. (2003). Behavioral treatment for a female engaging in autoerotic asphyxiation. Clinical Case Studies, 2(3), 236–242.

Marx, J., Walls, R., & Hockberger, R. (2014). Rosen’s emergency medicine—Concepts and clinical practice. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.

Masters, I., Chang, A., Patterson, L., Wainwright, C., Buntain, H., Dean, B., & Francis, P. (2002). Series of laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, and bronchomalacia disorders and their associations with other conditions in children. Pediatric Pulmonology, 34(3), 189–195.

Masters, I. B., & Cooper, P. (2002). Paediatric flexible bronchoscopy. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 38(6), 555–559.

Masters, I. B., Eastburn, M. M., Francis, P. W., Wootton, R., Zimmerman, P. V., Ware, R. S., & Chang, A. B. (2005). Quantification of the magnification and distortion effects of a pediatric flexible video-bronchoscope. Respiratory Research, 6, 16.

Masters, I. B., Eastburn, M. M., Wootton, R., Ware, R. S., Francis, P. W., Zimmerman, P. V., & Chang, A. B. (2005). A new method for objective identification and measurement of airway lumen in paediatric flexible videobronchoscopy. Thorax, 60(8), 652–658.

Maxeiner, H. (1998). “Hidden” laryngeal injuries in homicidal strangulation: How to detect and interpret these findings. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(4), 784–791.

Maxeiner, H., & Bockholdt, B. (2003). Homicidal and suicidal ligature strangulation—A comparison of the post-mortem findings. Forensic Science International, 137(1), 60–66.

Maxeiner, H., & Jekat, R. (2010). Resuscitation and conjunctival petechial hemorrhages. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 17(2), 87–91.

McClane, G. E., Strack, G. B., & Hawley, D. (2001). A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases. Part II: Clinical evaluation of the surviving victim. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 311–315.

McClave, J. L., Russell, P. J., Lyren, A., O’Riordan, M. A., & Bass, N. E. (2010). The choking game: Physician perspectives. Pediatrics, 125(1), 82–87.

McLean, M. (2012). Have you missed signs in a victim of strangulation? Alberta RN/Alberta Association of Registered Nurses, 68(3), 18–19.

McNeil, M. L., Amodi, H., & Brown, T. F. (2010). 30-year delayed presentation of hyoid strangulation fracture. Journal of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery = Le Journal d’Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, 39(5), E26–E27.

Mcquown, C., Frey, J., Steer, S., Fletcher, G. E., Kinkopf, B., Fakler, M., & Prulhiere, V. (2016). Prevalence of strangulation in survivors of sexual assault and domestic violence. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 34(7), 1281–1285. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.04.029.

Melkane, A. E., Matar, N. E., Haddad, A. C., & Zoghbi, A. C. (2010). Suicidal hanging attempt: Poor symptoms for a potentially lethal injury. The Journal of Trauma, 69(4), E36.

Miao, J., Su, C., Wang, W., Lin, H., Li, H., Lei, G., Li, Z. (2009). Delayed parkinsonism with a selective symmetric basal ganglia lesion after manual strangulation. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 16(4), 573–575.

Milligan, N., & Anderson, M. (1980). Conjugal disharmony: A hitherto unrecognised cause of strokes. British Medical Journal, 281(6237), 421–422.

Miziara, I. D., & Bertaccini, F. (2011). Three different mechanisms of death: An unusual form of a child murder by asphyxia. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 32(2), 164–165.

Molacek, J., Baxa, J., Houdek, K., Ferda, J., & Treska, V. (2010). Bilateral post-traumatic carotid dissection as a result of a strangulation injury. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 24(8), 1133. e9–e11.

Mortelmans, L. J., Jutten, G. C., & Coene, L. (2003). Acute post-traumatic tension gastro thorax, a tension pneumothorax-like injury. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 10(4), 344–346.

Moshirfar, M., Betts, B. S., Hsu, M., Holz, H. A., & McEntire, W. (2011). Bilateral total descemet’s membrane detachments after strangulation. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, New Zealand), 5, 1221–1222.

Müller, E., Franke, W. G., & Koch, R. (1997). Thyreoglobulin and violent asphyxia. Forensic Science International, 90(3), 165–170.

Neto, H. S., Neville, I. S., Beer-Furlan, A., Tavares, W. M., Teixeira, M. J., & Paiva, W. S. (2014). Hemodynamic stroke caused by strangulation. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(9), 2932.

Nichols, S. D., McCarthy, M. C., Ekeh, A. P., Woods, R. J., Walusimbi, M. S., & Saxe, J. M. (2009). Outcome of cervical near-hanging injuries. The Journal of Trauma, 66(1), 174–178.

Nicoucar, K., Popova, N., Becker, M., & Dulguerov, P. (2008). Pseudo aneurysm of the external carotid artery after a blunt facial trauma. The Journal of Trauma, 65(3), E24–E27. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000209400.14212.a7

Nikolic, S., Micic, J., Atanasijevic, T., Djokic, V., & Djonic, D. (2003). Analysis of neck injuries in hanging. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 24(2), 179–182.

Niort, F., Godio-Raboutet, Y., Torrents, R., Adalian, P., Leonetti, G., Piercecchi-Marti, M. D., & Thollon, L. (2015). Transmission of force to the hyoid bone during manual strangulation: Simulation using finite element numerical models. Forensic Science International, 257, 420–424. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.013.

O’Connor, P. J., Russell, J. D., & Moriarty, D. C. (1998). Anesthetic implications of laryngeal trauma. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 87(6), 1283–1284.

Oh, J. H., Min, H. S., Park, T. U., Sang, J. L., & Kim, S. E. (2007). Isolated cricoid fracture associated with blunt neck trauma. Emergency Medicine Journal, 24(7), 505–506.

Okazaki, J., Isono, S., Hasegawa, H., Sakai, M., Nagase, Y., & Nishino, T. (2004). Quantitative assessment of tracheal collapsibility in infants with tracheomalacia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170(7), 780–785.

Oxford, C. M., & Ludmir, J. (2009). Trauma in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52(4), 611–629.

Paluch, M. (2013). Strangulation in domestic violence cases: Overcoming evidentiary challenges to reduce lethality. Developments of New York State Family Law. 

Pampin, J. B., Tamayo, N. M., Fonseca, R. H., Payne-James, J., & Jerreat, P. (2002). Delayed presentation of carotid dissection, cerebral ischemia, and infarction following blunt trauma: Two cases. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 9(3), 136–140.

Parks, S. E., Johnson, L. L., McDaniel, D. D., Gladden, M., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Surveillance for violent deaths—National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 states, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries, 63(1), 1–33.

Patil, R. D., Bhambure, N. M., More, N., Athawale, A., & Shah, A. C. (1994). Survival after attempted strangulation. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 42(8), 644–645.

Pego-Reigosa, R., Lopez-Lopez, S., Vazquez-Lopez, M. E., Armesto-Perez, V., Branas-Fernandez, F., Martinez-Vazquez, F., & Cortes-Laino, J. A. (2005). Sea wave-induced internal carotid artery dissection. Neurology, 64(11), 1980.

Pereira, F. L., Filho, L. I., Pavan, A. J., Farah, G. J., Goncalves, E. A., Veltrini, V. C., & Camarini, E. T. (2007). Styloid-stylohyoid syndrome: Literature review and case report. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 65(7), 1346–1353.

Plattner, T., Bolliger, S., & Zollinger, U. (2005). Forensic assessment of survived strangulation. Forensic Science International, 153(2), 202–207.

Pollanen, M. S., & McAuliffe, D. N. (1998). Intra-cartilaginous laryngeal haemorrhages and strangulation. Forensic Science International, 93(1), 13–20.

Pollanen, M. S. (2000). A triad of laryngeal hemorrhages in strangulation: A report of eight cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45(3), 614–618.

Pollanen, M. S., Bulger, B., & Chiasson, D. A. (1995). The location of hyoid fractures in strangulation revealed by xeroradiography. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40(2), 303–305.

Pollanen, M. S., & Chiasson, D. A. (1996). Fracture of the hyoid bone in strangulation: Comparison of fractured and un-fractured hyoids from victims of strangulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(1), 110–113.

Pollanen, M. S., & Ubelaker, D. H. (1997). Forensic significance of the polymorphism of hyoid bone shape. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(5), 890–892.

Poquet, E., Dibiane, A., Jourdain, C., el-Amine, M., Jacob, A., & Escure, M. N. (1995). Blunt injury of the larynx by hanging. X-ray computed tomographic aspect. [Traumatisme ferme du larynx par pendaison. Aspect scanographique a propos d’un cas] Journal De Radiologie, 76(2–3), 107–109.

Porr, J., Laframboise, M., & Kazemi, M. (2012). Traumatic hyoid bone fracture–a case report and review of the literature. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 56(4), 269.

Porzionato, A., Macchi, V., Rodriguez, D., & De Caro, R. (2007). Airway obstruction by laryngeal masses in sudden and homicidal deaths. Forensic Science International, 171(1), e15–e20.

Pritchard, A. J., Reckdenwald, A., & Nordham, C. (2015, December 30). Nonfatal strangulation as part of domestic violence: A review of research. Trauma, Violence & Abuse. doi: 10.1177/1524838015622439.

Purvin, V. (1997). Unilateral Headache and Ptosis in a 30-Year-Old Woman. Survey of Ophthalmology, 42(2), 163–168.

Putaala, J., Kurkinen, M., Tarvos, V., Salonen, O., Kaste, M., & Tatlisumak, T. (2009). Silent brain infarcts and leukoaraiosis in young adults with first-ever ischemic stroke. Neurology, 72(21), 1823–1829.

Putaala, J., Metso, A. J., Metso, T. M., Konkola, N., Kraemer, Y., Haapaniemi, E., & Tatlisumak, T. (2009). Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: The Helsinki young stroke registry. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 40(4), 1195–1203.

Ramirez, J. I., Petrone, P., Kuncir, E. J., & Asensio, J. A. (2004). Thyroid storm induced by strangulation. Southern Medical Journal, 97(6), 608–610.

Rasmussen, E. R., Larsen, P. L., Andersen, K., Larsen, M., Qvortrup, K., & Hougen, H. P. (2013). Petechial hemorrhages of the tympanic membrane in attempted suicide by hanging: A case report. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 20(2), 119–121.

Re, L., Birkhoff, J. M., Sozzi, M., Andrello, L., & Osculati, A. M. (2015). The choking game: A deadly game. Analysis of two cases of “self-strangulation” in young boys and review of the literature. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 30, 29–33.

Reid, L. A., Dunn, M., Mckeown, D. W., & Oglesby, A. J. (2011). Surgical airway in emergency department intubation. European Journal of Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, 18(3), 168–171.

Richards, C. E., & Wallis, D. N. (2005). Asphyxiation: A review. Trauma, 7(1), 37–45.

Robison, D., & Hunt, S. (2005). Sudden In‐custody death syndrome. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 27(1), 36–43.

Rozycki, H. J., Van Houten, M. L., & Elliott, G. R. (1996). Quantitative assessment of intrathoracic airway collapse in infants and children with tracheobronchomalacia. Pediatric Pulmonology, 21(4), 241–245.

Saha, A., Bansal, A., & Kaur, S. (2010). Post obstructive pulmonary edema following accidental strangulation. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 77(5), 584–584.

Sauvageau, A., & Boghossian, E. (2010). Classification of asphyxia: The need for standardization. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(5), 1259–1267.

Sauvageau, A., & Racette, S. (2006). Autoerotic deaths in the literature from 1954 to 2004: A review. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51(1), 140–146.

Sauvageau, A., Ambrosi, C., & Kelly, S. (2012). Autoerotic nonlethal filmed hangings: A case series and comments on the estimation of the time to irreversibility in hanging. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 33(2), 159–162.

Sauvageau, A., & Yesovitch, R. (2006). Choking on toilet paper: An unusual case of suicide and a review of the literature on suicide by smothering, strangulation, and choking. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 27(2), 173–174.

Schmidt, P., & Madea, B. (1995). Homicide in the bathtub. Forensic Science International, 72(2), 135–146.

Schroeder, U., Motzko, M., Wittekindt, C., & Eckel, H. (2003). Hoarseness after laryngeal blunt trauma: A differential diagnosis between an injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and an arytenoid subluxation. A case report and literature review. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 260(6), 304–307.

Sep, D., & Thies, K. (2007). Strangulation injuries in children. Resuscitation, 74(2), 386–391.

Sethi, P. K., Sethi, N. K., Torgovnick, J., & Arsura, E. (2012). Delayed left anterior and middle cerebral artery hemorrhagic infarctions after attempted strangulation: A case report. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 33(1), 105–106.

Sharma, B., Harish, D., Sharma, A., Sharma, S., & Singh, H. (2008). Injuries to neck structures in deaths due to constriction of neck, with a special reference to hanging. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 15(5), 298–305.

Sheridan, D. J., & Nash, K. R. (2007). Acute injury patterns of intimate partner violence victims. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 8(3), 281–289.

Shetty, U., Deepak, M., Hussain, S. A., Usmani, H., Osama, M., Pereira, K. G., & Menezes, R. G. (2016). Survival following accidental scarf strangulation. The Medico-Legal Journal, 84(3), 150-152. doi: 10.1177/0025817216643443.

Shields, L. B., Hunsaker, D. M., & Hunsaker, J. C., III. (2005). Autoerotic asphyxia: Part I. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 26(1), 45–52.

Shields, L. B., Hunsaker, D. M., Hunsaker, J. C., III., Wetli, C. V., Hutchins, K. D., & Holmes, R. M. (2005). Atypical autoerotic death: Part II. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 26(1), 53–62.

Shields, L. B., Corey, T. S., Weakley-Jones, B., & Stewart, D. (2010). Living victims of strangulation: A 10-year review of cases in a metropolitan community. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31(4), 320–325.

Shumaker, D., Kottamasu, S., Preston, G., & Treloar, D. (1988). Acute pulmonary edema after near strangulation. Pediatric Radiology, 19(1), 59–60.

Singh, B., Kumar, S., & Kumar, V. (2003). Blunt laryngotracheal injury following accidental strangulation. Injury, 34(12), 937–939.

Smith, D. J., Jr., Mills, T., & Taliaferro, E. H. (2001). Frequency and relationship of reported symptomology in victims of intimate partner violence: The effect of multiple strangulation attacks. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 323–329.

Snider, C., Webster, D., O’Sullivan, C. S., & Campbell, J. (2009). Intimate partner violence: Development of a brief risk assessment for the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 16(11), 1208–1216.

Sorenson, S. B., Joshi, M., & Sivitz, E. (2014). A systematic review of the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation. A human rights and health concern. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11), e54–e61.

Stanley, R. B., & Hanson, D. G. (1983). Manual strangulation injuries of the larynx. Archives of Otolaryngology, 109(5), 344–347.

Stapczynski, J. S. (2010). Strangulation injuries. Emergency Medicine Reports, 31(17), 193–203.

Stark, P., & Stark, H. E. (2010). Pulmonary manifestations of trauma. Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology, 33(16), 1–6.

Stewart, D. E., Gagnon, A. J., Merry, L. A., & Dennis, C. (2012). Risk factors and health profiles of recent migrant women who experienced violence associated with pregnancy. Journal of Women’s Health, 21(10), 1100–1106.

Strack, G. B., & Gwinn, C. (2011). On the edge of homicide: Strangulation as a prelude. Criminal Justice, 26, 32.

Strack, G. B., & McClane, G. (1999). How to improve your investigation and prosecution of strangulation cases (2nd ed.). D. C. James. (Ed.). San Diego, CA. Retrieved May 5, 2016, from http://www.ncdsv.org/images/strangulation_article.pdf

Strack, G. B., McClane, G. E., & Hawley, D. (2001). A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases. Part I: Criminal legal issues. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 303–309.

Sugar, N., Fine, D., & Eckert, L. (2004). Physical injury after sexual assault: Findings of a large case series. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 190(1), 71–76.

Tabata, N. (1998). Morphological changes in traumatized skeletal muscle: The appearance of opaque fibers of cervical muscles as evidence of compression to the neck. Forensic Science International, 96(2), 197–214.

Taliaferro, E., Hawley, D., McClane, G., & Strack, G. (2009). Strangulation in intimate partner violence. In C. Mitchell & D. Anglin (Eds.), Intimate partner violence: A health-based perspective (pp. 217-236). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Taliaferro, E., Mills, T., & Walker, S. (2001). Walking and talking victims of strangulation. Is there a new epidemic? A commentary. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 293–295.

Taniguchi, T., Saito, S., Mizukoshi, Y., Goto, Y., & Inaba, H. (2002). Multiple organ failure after strangulation injury. Intensive Care Medicine, 28(8), 1193.

Taslimi, R., Daneshbod, Y., & Mirfazaelian, H. (2013). Facial petechia as a sign of strangulation in trauma victims. Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ, 30(4), 311.

Taussig, L. M., Cota, K., & Kaltenborn, W. (1981). Different mechanical properties of the lung in boys and girls 1–4. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 123(6), 640–643.

Thomas, J. A., Ware, T. M., & Counselman, F. L. (2002). Internal carotid artery pseudo aneurysm masquerading as a peritonsillar abscess. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(3), 257–261.

Thomas, K. A., Joshi, M., & Sorenson, S. B. (2014). “Do you know what it feels like to drown?” Strangulation as coercive control in intimate relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38, 124–137.

Toblin, R. L., Paulozzi, L. J., Gilchrist, J., & Russell, P. J. (2008). Unintentional strangulation deaths from the “choking game” among youths aged 6–19 years–United States, 1995–2007. Journal of Safety Research, 39(4), 445–448.

Tough, S. C., Butt, J. C., & Sanders, G. L. (1994). Autoerotic asphyxial deaths: Analysis of nineteen fatalities in Alberta, 1978 to 1989. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 39(3), 157–160.

Tournel, G., Hubert, N., Rougé, C., Hédouin, V., & Gosset, D. (2001). Complete autoerotic asphyxiation: Suicide or accident? The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 22(2), 180–183.

Trevillion, K., Agnew-Davies, R., & Howard, L. M. (2013). Healthcare professionals’ response to domestic violence. Primary Health Care, 23(9), 34–42.

Turillazzi, E., D’Errico, S., Neri, M., & Fineschi, V. (2006). An unusual mechanical asphyxia in a homicide-suicide case by smothering and strangulation. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 27(2), 166–168.

Turkel, A. (2007). “And then he choked me.” Understanding and Investigation Strangulation. Update: American Prosecutor’s Research Institute, 20, 1–2.

Ullrich, N. J., & Goodkin, H. P. (2015, June 30). The “choking game” and other strangulation activities in children and adolescents. UptoDate. Retrieved May 11, 2016, from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/inherited-susceptibility-to-breast-and-ovarian-cancer-next-generation-sequencing-panels/abstract/103

Vanezis, P., Claydon, S., M. Chapman, R. C., & al-Alousi, L. M. (1993). Internal carotid artery thrombosis following manual strangulation. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 33(1), 69–71.

Verma, S. (2007). Pediatric and adolescent strangulation deaths. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 14(2), 61–64.

Vilke, G. M., & Chan, T. C. (2011). Evaluation and management for carotid dissection in patients presenting after choking or strangulation. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 40(3), 355–358.

Wahlen, B. M., & Thierbach, A. R. (2002). Near-hanging. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 9(4), 348–350.

Wailoo, M. P., & Emery, J. L. (1982). Normal growth and development of the trachea. Thorax, 37(8), 584–587.

Walsh, F. M., Stahl, C. J., III., Unger, H. T., Lilienstern, O. C., & Stephens, R. G., III. (1977). Autoerotic asphyxial deaths: A medicolegal analysis of forty-three cases. Legal Medicine Annual, 155–182.

Wang, Q., Ishikawa, T., Michiue, T., Zhu, B., Guan, D., & Maeda, H. (2012). Intrapulmonary aquaporin-5 expression as a possible biomarker for discriminating smothering and choking from sudden cardiac death: A pilot study. Forensic Science International, 220(1), 154–157.

Wang, W., Kong, L., Dong, R., & Zhao, H. (2007). Fracture of the hyoid bone associated with atlantoaxial subluxation: A case report and review of the literature. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 28(4), 345–347.

Wehner, F., Martin, D. D., & Wehner, H. (2004). Asphyxia due to pacifiers—Case report and review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 141(2), 73–75.

Wheeler, A., New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services, Office of Justice Research & Performance. (2012). Arrests and arraignments involving strangulation offenses Nov. 11, 2010–June 30, 2012. Albany, NY: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services. Retrieved May 6, 2016, from http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/pio/research-update-strangulation-apr2012.pdf

White, J. K., & Carver, J. (2012). Self-induced vomiting as a probable mechanism of an isolated hyoid bone fracture. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 33(2), 170–172.

Wiegand, P., & Kleiber, M. (1997). DNA typing of epithelial cells after strangulation. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 110(4), 181–183.

Wilbur, L., Higley, M., Hatfield, J., Surprenant, Z., Taliaferro, E., Smith, D. J., & Paolo, A. (2001). Survey results of women who have been strangled while in an abusive relationship. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(3), 297–302.

Wilson, J. S., West, J. F., Messing, J. T., Brown, S., Patchell, B., & Campbell, J. C. (2011). Factors related to posttraumatic stress symptoms in women experiencing police-involved intimate partner violence. Advances in Nursing Science, 34(3), E14–E28.

Wu, M., Tsai, Y., Lin, M., Hsu, I., & Fong, Y. (2004). Complete laryngotracheal disruption caused by blunt injury. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 77(4), 1211–1215.

Yacobi, Y., Tsivian, A., & Sidi, A. A. (2007). Emergent and surgical interventions for injuries associated with eroticism: A review. The Journal of Trauma, 62(6), 1522–1530.

Yen, K., Thali, M. J., Aghayev, E., Jackowski, C., Schweitzer, W., Boesch, C., & Sonnenschein, M. (2005). Strangulation signs: Initial correlation of MRI, MSCT, and forensic neck findings. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 22(4), 501–510.

Yen, K., Vock, P., Christe, A., Scheurer, E., Plattner, T., Schön, C., & Thali, M. J. (2007). Clinical forensic radiology in strangulation victims: Forensic expertise based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 121(2), 115–123.